KOMUNIKASI POLITIK: Sebuah Pendekatan Case Method

Almond, G. A., & Coleman, J. S. (1960). The politics of the developing areas: The political development of underdeveloped countries. Princeton University Press.

Altheide, D. L., & Snow, R. P. (1979). Media Logic. SAGE Publications.

Angeline, M., & Safitri, Y. (2018). Participatory Culture in Indonesian Communities: A Study of #Gerakbersama Campaign. Humaniora, 9(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v9i1.4273

Anshori, M., Pawito, Kartono, D. T., & Hastjarjo, S. (2023). Who says what? The role of the actor’s political position in ideograph construction. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 39(2), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2023-3902-20

Anshori, M., Pawito, P., Kartono, D. T., & Hastjarjo, S. (2022). Comparative framing: Media strategy in public communication policy. KnE Social Sciences, 7((5)), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i5.10545

Anshori, M., & Surwati, C. H. D. (2025). Experiencing multicultural awareness and affective polarization: A phenomenological inquiry. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v10i1.1620

Antoine, E., & Chalmers, A. W. (2021). Interest groups and social media. In P. Harris, A. Bitonti, C. S. Fleisher, & A. S. Binderkrantz (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs (pp. 1–6). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_229-1

Aristotle. (1924). Rhetoric (W. R. Roberts (Ed.)). Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).

Arnold, D. G., Beauchamp, T. L., & Bowie, N. E. (2019). Ethical theory and business. Cambridge University Press.

Aspinall, E, & Berenschot, W. (2019). Democracy for sale: Pemilihan umum, klientelisme, dan negara di Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Aspinall, Edward. (2010). Indonesia: The irony of success. Journal of Democracy, 21(2), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0157

Aspinall, Edward, & Mietzner, M. (2019a). Indonesia’s democratic paradox. New Mandala.

Aspinall, Edward, & Mietzner, M. (2019b). Southeast Asia’s Troubling Elections: Nondemocratic Pluralism in Indonesia. Journal of Democracy, 30(4), 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0055

Bahar, A. A., Mardiyanta, A., Mirdad, M. A., & Wisnuyana, B. (2025). The discourse on the role of NGOs in Indonesia’s public policy process. JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Manajemen Publik), 13(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v13i1.1822

Baines, P., Harris, P., Hejlova, D., & Panagopoulos, C. (2025). The Sage handbook of Pemasaran Politik. SAGE Publications. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/629372

Barberá, P. (2015). Birds of the same feather tweet together: Bayesian ideal point estimation using twitter data. Political Analysis, 23(1), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu011

Barberá, P. (2020). Social media, echo chambers, and political polarization. In N. Persily (Ed.), Social Media and Democracy (pp. 34–55). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960.004

Barker, C., & Galasinski, D. (2001). Cultural studies and discourse analysis: A dialogue on language and identity. SAGE Publications.

Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies (Reprint). Hill and Wang.

Beadle, R., & Moore, G. (2022). Learning from MacIntyre. Lutterworth Press.

Bennett, W. L. L., & Pfetsch, B. (2018). Rethinking political communication in a time of disrupted public spheres. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx017

Benoit, C., & Condit, C. M. (1991). Decoding Abortion Rhetoric: Communicating Social Change. Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, 16(3), 329. https://doi.org/10.2307/3340689

Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Penguin Books.

Betz, Stephanie. (2021). ‘Elf Lives Matter’? The racial dynamics of participatory politics in a predominantly White fandom. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779211028866

Blumer, J. G., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16(3), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198596

Booth, W., Colomb, G., & Williams, J. (2016). The craft of research. In Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing (Fourth).

Borchers, N. S. (2025). How social media influencers support political parties in achieving campaign objectives, according to political communicators in Germany. Public Relations Review, 51(1), 102532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2024.102532

Borz, G., & De Francesco, F. (2024). Digital political campaigning: contemporary challenges and regulation. Policy Studies, 45(5), 677–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2024.2384145

Boulianne, S., & Larsson, A. O. (2024). Comparative Digital Political Communication: Comparisons Across Countries, Platforms, and Time. Social Science Computer Review, 42(5), 1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393241258763

Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice (R. (trans) Nice (Ed.)). Stanford University Press.

Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.

Budiana. (2022). Strategi komunikasi politik berbasis budaya dalam sistem kepartaian. Deepublish Digital.

Budiardjo, M. (2008). Dasar-dasar ilmu politik. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Burke, K. (1945). A Grammer of motives. University of California Press.

Burke, K. (1950). A rhetoric of motives. George Braziller.

Butler, J. P. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.

Butler, J. P. (1993). Bodies that matter, on the discursive limits of “sex.” Routledge.

Cairney, P., & Kwiatkowski, R. (2017). How to communicate effectively with policymakers: Combine insights from psychology and policy studies. Palgrave Communications, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0046-8

Campbell, A., & Center, U. of M. S. R. (1980). The American voter. University of Chicago Press.

Cangara, H. (2016). Komunikasi politik: Konsep, teori, dan strategi ( cet. 5 ed. revisi (Ed.)). Rajawali Pers.

Casler, D., & Jost, T. (2025). Lost in transmission: Bureaucracy, noise, and communication in international politics. International Security, 49(4), 160–201. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00511

Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society. International Journal of Communication; Vol 1 (2007). https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46

Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-951-2

Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001

Chesney, B., & Citron, D. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15J

Choirin, M., Saoqi, A. A. Y., Sopa, S., Abdul Kadir, F. A., Mokhtar, A. A. Bin, & Guleng, M. P. (2024). Developing a conceptual model for Da‘wah literacy index (DLI). Ulumuna, 28(1), 24–49. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i1.773

Christians, C. G., & Traber, M. (1997). Communication ethics and universal values. SAGE Publications.

Cicero. (1942). De Oratore (T. E. W. Sutton & H. Rackham (Ed.)). Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library).

Cinelli, M., de Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(9). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications.

Curini, Luigi, Garusi, Diego, & Splendore, Sergio. (2023). “It’s the ideology, stupid!”: Trust in the press, ideological proximity between citizens and journalists and political parallelism. A comparative approach in 17 countries. International Communication Gazette, 86(4), 307–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485231165596

Curini, L. (2018). Corruption, ideology, and populism. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56735-8

Curran, J., & Seaton, J. (2010). Power without responsibility. In Political Studies (Vol. 30, Issue 1). Routledge.

Cushion, S., Thomas, R., Simon, C., & Jones, W. (2025). Normalising right-wing alternative media perspectives: A cross-national study of US and UK mainstream media systems. International Communication Gazette, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485251334019

Dahlberg, S., & Mörkenstam, U. (2024). Exploring popular conceptions of democracy through media discourse: analysing dimensions of democracy from online media data in 93 countries using a distributional semantic model. Democratization, 31(8), 1766–1797. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2024.2342485

Dahlgren, Peter. (2012). Media and Participation: A Site of Ideological-Democratic Struggle. European Journal of Communication, 27(3), 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112451072

De Vreese, C., & Votta, F. (2023). Polical communication report. 27, 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-39047

Dearing, J. W., & Rogers, E. M. (1996). Studying the agenda-setting process. In Studying the agenda-setting process (pp. 88–100). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243283.n6

Derrida, J. (1978). Writing and difference (A. Bass (Ed.)). The University of Chicago.

Djuyandi, Y. (2016). The role of non-governmental organization (NGO) in advocating the national security bill. Jurnal Bina Praja, 08(01), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.21787/JBP.08.2016.163-173

Donsbach, W., & Traugott, M. (2008). The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848607910

Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper.

Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312

Easton, D. (1965). A framework for political analysis. Prentice-Hall.

Edelman, M. J. (1964). The symbolic uses of politics. University of Illinois Press.

Edith, A., Parras, T., & Fleet, J. van. (2008). Are we there yet? A communications evaluation guide. http://www.comnetwork.org/2010/08/a-guide-to-evaluating-foundationnonprofit-communications/

Effendy, O. U. (1984). Ilmu komunikasi: teori dan praktek. Remadja Karya.

el-Nawawy, M., & Khamis, S. (2016). Egyptian revolution 2.0: Political blogging, civic engagement, and citizen journalism. Palgrave Macmillan US.

Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

Esaiasson, P., Sohlberg, J., Ghersetti, M., & Johansson, B. (2021). How the coronavirus crisis affects citizen trust in institutions and in unknown others: Evidence from ‘the Swedish experiment.’ European Journal of Political Research, 60(3), 748–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12419

Esser, F. (2023). Comparing political communication : A 2023 update. In C. D (Ed.), Comparative Politics (Sixth, pp. 353–377). Oxford University Press.

Esser, F., & Hanitzsch, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of Comparative Communication Research. Routledge.

Esser, F., & Pfetsch, B. (2020). Comparing Political Communication: A 2020 Update. In D. Caramani (Ed.), Comparative Politics (Fifth). Oxford University Press.

Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. Routledge. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415499231

Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman Group Limiited.

Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Taylor & Francis.

Feldman, O., & Zmerli, S. (Eds.). (2019). The psychology of political communicators : how politicians, culture, and the media construct and shape public discourse. Routledge.

Figenschou, T. U., & Fredheim, N. A. (2020). Interest groups on social media: Four forms of networked advocacy. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2012

Fischer, M., & Leifeld, P. (2015). Policy forums: Why do they exist and what are they used for? Policy Sciences, 48(3), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-015-9224-y

Fisher, W. R. (1984). Narration as a human communication paradigm: The case of public moral argument. Communication Monographs, 51(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758409390180

Fishman, M. (1978). Crime Waves as Ideology. Social Problems, 25(5), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.2307/800102

Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. SAGE Publications.

Foster, S. (2010). Political Communication. Edinburgh University Press.

Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language (A. M. S. (Trans) Smith (Ed.)). Pantheon Books. https://doi.org/0-6

Fournier, P., Soroka, S., & Nir, L. (2020). Negativity biases and political ideology: A comparative test across 17 countries. American Political Science Review, 114(3), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000131

Gamson, A. W., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37. https://ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC924/Articles/GamsonMediaAJS.pdf

Garceau, O. (1958). Interest group theory in political research. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 319(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271625831900112

Gastil, J. (2008). Political communication and deliberation. In Political Communication and Deliberation. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329208

Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books.

George, C., & Venkiteswaran, G. (2019). Media and power in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108665643

Gerbaudo, P. (2018). The digital party: Political organisation and online democracy. Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688211056469

Glynn, C. J. (2018). Public opinion. Taylor & Francis.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of everyday life. Anchor Books.

Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays in face-to-face behavior. Pantheon Books.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harper & Row.

Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372076.001.0001

Graber, D. A., & Smith, J. M. (2005). Political communication faces the 21st century. Journal of Communication, 55(3), 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02682.x

Graham, P. (2002). Hypercapitalism: language, new media and social perceptions of value. Discourse & Society, 13(2), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013002408

Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2020). The rise of fact-checking sites in Europe. https://doi.org/10.60625/risj-tdn4-p140

Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374–378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706

Gruzd, A., & Roy, J. (2014). Investigating political polarization on Twitter: A Canadian perspective. Policy & Internet, 6(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI354

Guedes-Neto, J. V. (2022). The effects of political attitudes on affective polarization: Survey evidence from 165 elections. Political Studies Review, 21(2), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211067376

Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2020). Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 US election. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0833-x

Gunther, R., & Mughan, A. (2000). Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Guo, Y., & Lei, Y. (2025). The Media Trust Gap and Its Political Explanations: How Individual and Sociopolitical Factors Differentiate News Trust Preferences in Asian Societies. International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612251315597

Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action, Volume 1: Reason and the rationalization of society (T. T. McCarthy (Ed.)). Beacon Press.

Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. In The New Social Theory Reader.

Habermas, J., & Burger, T. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press.

Hadiz, V. R. (2017). Indonesia’s year of democratic setbacks: Towards a new phase of deepening illiberalism? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(3), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1410311

Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. In Culture, media, language (pp. 128–138). Routledge.

Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. SAGE Publications.

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2017). Ten years after comparing media systems: What have we learned? Political Communication, 34(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1233158

Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis e-Library. https://doi.org/10.2307/2070079

Harold D. Lasswell. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. The Communication of Ideas, 55(1), 37–51.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a literature review: Releasing the social science research imagination. SAGE Publications.

Hasanah, F. N. (2023). Jurnal administrasi dan kebijakan publik di Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.25077/jakp

Hauser, G. A. (2002). Introduction to rhetorical theory (Second). Waveland Press.

Hidayah, N., Suryani, C., Astuti, S. I., Safitri, P. N., Danuaji, K., & Wiryadigda, P. (2021). Laporan pemetaan Hoaks tahun 2021. 1–76.

Hirsch, M., Stubenvoll, M., Binder, A., & Matthes, J. (2024). Beneficial or Harmful? How (Mis)Fit of Targeted Political Advertising on Social Media Shapes Voter Perceptions. Journal of Advertising, 53(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2023.2175081

Holtzhausen, D., & Zerfass, A. (2014). The Routledge handbook of strategic communication. Taylor & Francis.

Indonesia Corruption Watch, & Perludem. (2024). Election campaign fund monitoring report.

Isaak, J., & Hanna, M. J. (2018). User Data Privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and Privacy Protection. Computer, 51(8), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.3191268

Iswadi, M. P., Afandi, W. H. Y., & Qohar, A. F. (2025). Komunikasi politik digital. PT Penerbit Qriset Indonesia.

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226388533.001.0001

Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. (2018). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034

Iyengar, S., & Massey, D. S. (2019). Scientific communication in a post-truth society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(16), 7656–7661. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805868115

Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038

Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., Welles, B. F., & Lauren, G. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press.

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture. NYU Press.

Jensen, K. B. (2010). Media convergence: The three degrees of network, mass and interpersonal communication. Taylor & Francis.

Johannesen, R. L. (1996). Ethics in human communication. Waveland Press.

Johnson-Cartee, K. S., & Copeland, G. A. (2004). Strategic political communication: Rethinking social influence, persuasion, and propaganda. Bloomsbury Academic.

Johnson, R. Burke, Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J, & Turner, Lisa A. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224

Jungherr, A. Rivero, G., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2020). Retooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy. Cambridge University Press.

Jungherr, A. (2014). Twitter in politics: A comprehensive literature review. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–90. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2402443

Kaid, L., & Holtz-Bacha, C. N. V.-2. (2008). Strategic Communication. In Encyclopedia of Political Communication. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953993.n648

Kaid, Lynda L, & Holtz-Bacha, C. (Eds.). (2008). Agenda-setting. In Encyclopedia of Political Communication. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412953993.n11

Kaid, Lynda Lee. (2004). Handbook of political communication research. In Handbook of Political Communication Research. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610584

Karlsen, R., Beyer, A., & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2020). Political opinion leaders in high-choice information environments: Are they more informed than others? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 64(5), 794–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1835428

Kavanagh, D. (1995). Election campaigning: The new marketing of politics. Wiley.

Kellner, D. (1995). Media culture: Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. Routledge.

Klapper, J. T. (1960). The effects of mass communication. Free Press.

Klinger, Ulrike, & Svensson, Jakob. (2014). The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach. New Media & Society, 17(8), 1241–1257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814522952

Knoblauch, H. (2011). Relativism, meaning and the new sociology of knowledge. In The problem of relativism in the sociology of (scientific) knowledge (pp. 131–156). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110325904.131

Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2021). Marketing Management, Global Edition. Pearson Education.

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. Three Rivers Press.

Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: Redefined. SAGE Publications.

Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading images : the grammar of visual design. Routledge.

Kriesi, H. (2011). Political Communication in Direct Democratic Campaigns: Enlightening or Manipulating? Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Labio-bernal, A., Rubira-garcía, R., & Pocevicienė, R. (2024). Comparing media systems: A new critical academic reading. Media and Communication, 12(2004), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.8357

Lane, S. D., Abigail, R. A., & Gooch, J. (2016). Communication in a civil society. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315450407

Larsson, Anders Olof. (2020). Picture-perfect populism: Tracing the rise of European populist parties on Facebook. New Media & Society, 24(1), 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820963777

Lasswell, H D. (1927). Propaganda technique in the World War. A. A. Knopf.

Lasswell, Harold D. (1927). The theory of political propaganda. American Political Science Review, 21(3), 627–631. https://doi.org/10.2307/1945515

Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1948). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press.

Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998

Lees-Marshment, J. (2014). Pemasaran Politik: Principles and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315775043

Lees-Marshment, J., & Zisis, I. (2025). Introduction: Pemasaran Politik and Management in the UK BT - Pemasaran Politik and Management in the 2024 UK Election (J. Lees-Marshment & I. Zisis (Eds.); pp. 1–8). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88314-9_1

Lees‐Marshment, J. (2001). The product, sales and market‐oriented party ‐ How Labour learnt to market the product, not just the presentation. European Journal of Marketing, 35(9/10), 1074–1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005959

Leifeld, P. (2016). Discourse Network Analysis. In J. N. Victor, A. H. Montgomery, & M. Lubell (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Networks (Vol. 1, Issue October 2019). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.25

Lester, M., & Fishman, M. (1947). Manufacturing the News. University of Texas Press.

Lilleker, D., Jackson, D., Kalsnes, B., Mellado, C., Trevisan, F., & Veneti, A. (2024). The Routledge handbook of political campaigning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003333326

Lim, M. (2012). The league of thirteen: Media concentration in Indonesia. Research Report, 1–20. http://www.public.asu.edu/~mlim4/files/Lim_IndoMediaOwnership_2012.pdf.%0Ahttp://www.public.asu.edu/~mlim4/files/Lim_IndoMediaOwnership_2012.pdf

Lim, M. (2017). Freedom to hate: social media, algorithmic enclaves, and the rise of tribal nationalism in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188

Lim, M. (2023). From activist media to algorithmic politics: The internet, social media, and civil society in Southeast Asia. Routledge Handbook of Civil and Uncivil Society in Southeast Asia, 25–44. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367422080-3

Lippmann, W., & Curtis, M. (1998). Public opinion (Second). Transaction Publishers.

Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (G. Bennington & B. (Trans) Massumi (Eds.)). Manchester University Press.

Maarek, P., & Wolfsfeld, G. (Eds.). (2005). Political Communication in a New Era. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203986592

Machin, D., & Ledin, P. (2020). Introduction to multimodal analysis. Bloomsbury.

MacIntyre, A. C. (2007). After virtue. In Philosophical Quarterly (Vol. 33, Issue 132). University of Notre Dame Press.

Mahl, D., Zeng, J., Schäfer, M. S., Egert, F. A., & Oliveira, T. (2024). “We follow the disinformation”: Conceptualizing and analyzing fact-checking cultures across countries. International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612241270004

March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1983). The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life. American Political Science Review, 78(3), 734–749. https://doi.org/10.2307/1961840

Marland, A. (2016). Brand command: Canadian politics and democracy in the age of message control. UBC Press 2016. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjs28272

Marland, A., & Flanagan, T. (2013). Brand new party: Political branding and the conservative party of Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 951–972. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423913001108

Matassi, M., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2023). To Know Is to Compare: Studying Social Media across Nations, Media, and Platforms. MIT Press.

Maulana, A., Febri, P., Wiratama, O., & Simamora, N. N. (2019). Reformasi dikorupsi, demokrasi direpresi.

Mazzoleni, G., & Schulz, W. (1999). “Mediatization” of politics: A challenge for democracy? Political Communication, 16(3), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198613

McCombs, M. E. (2004). Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. Polity Press.

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747787

McCombs, M. E., Shaw, D. L., & Weaver, D. H. (2014). New directions in agenda-setting theory and research. Mass Communication and Society, 17(6), 781–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.964871

McGee, M. C. (1980). The “ideograph”: A link between rhetoric and ideology. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 66(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638009383499

McNair, B. (2003). An introduction to political communication (Third). Routledge.

McNair, B. (2011). An introduction to political communication (Fifth). Taylor & Francis e-Library.

McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail′s mass communication theory. SAGE Publications.

McQuail, D., & Deuze, M. (2020). McQuail’s media and mass communication theory (Seventh ed). SAGE.

Merkelsen, Henrik. (2013). Legitimacy and reputation in the institutional field of food safety: A public relations case study. Public Relations Inquiry, 2(2), 243–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X13485368

Meyer, M. (2001). Between theory, method, and politics: Positioning of the approaches to CDA. In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 14–31). SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020.n2

Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic media on social behavior. Oxford University Press.

Mietzner, M. (2015). Reinventing Asian populism: Jokowi’s rise, democracy, and political contestation in Indonesia. In Policy Studies. East-West Center.

Milner, R. M., & Phillips, W. (2017). The Ambivalent Internet: Mischief, Oddity, and Antagonism Online. Polity Press.

Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford University Press. https://www.sup.org/books/politics/global-rise-populism

Napoli, P. M. (2011). Audience evolution: New technologies and the transformation of media audiences. Columbia University Press.

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson.

Nimmo, D. (2020). The techniques of modern election campaigns: Political persuaders. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429339233

Nimmo, D. D., & Sanders, K. R. (1981). Handbook of political communication. SAGE Publications.

Nofrima, S., Sudiar, S., & Purnomo, E. P. (2021). How Javanese culture shaping political ideology (Case study of the people in Yogyakarta). Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 9(2), 435–450. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v9i2.500

Norris, P, & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.

Odugbemi, S., & Norris, P. (2010). Assessing the extent to which the news media act as watchdogs, agenda setters, and gatekeepers. In Pippa Norris (Ed.), Public sentinel: News media & governance reform. World Bank Publications.

Oktavianus, O. (2024). Linguistic landscape and cultural approach through Minangkabau and Malay language as election campaign strategies. Gramatika STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat, 10(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.22202/jg.2024.v10i2.8549

Ong, S. W. (2025). Framing the Xi–Biden meeting in news coverage: A cross-national comparative analysis. Global Media and China, 10(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364251316958

Ormrod, R. P., Henneberg, S. C., & O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (2013). Conclusion: Research Agendas for Political Marketing and Political Marketing Management. In Pemasaran Politik: Theory and Concepts (pp. 192–205). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473914827.n13

Otteni, C., & Weisskircher, M. (2022). Global warming and polarization. Wind turbines and the electoral success of the greens and the populist radical right. European Journal of Political Research, 61(4), 1102–1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12487

Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. The Penguin Press.

Patterson, T. E. (2017). Game versus substance in political news. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007

Peter, C., & Muth, L. (2023). Social media influencers’ role in shaping political opinions and actions of young audiences. Media and Communication, 11(3), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i3.6750

Pich, C., & Dean, D. (2015). Political branding: sense of identity or identity crisis? An investigation of the transfer potential of the brand identity prism to the UK Conservative Party. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(11–12), 1353–1378. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2015.1018307

Postill, J., & Pink, S. (2012). Social media ethnography: The digital researcher in a messy web. Media International Australia, 145(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1214500114

Prawira, I., & Mahamed, M. (2025). Citizen journalism under pressure: The case of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Journalism, 26(5), 1103–1121. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241269271

Putra, A. A., & Rochmaniah, A. (2024). Branding politik: Bagaimana pemimpin muda menguasai Instagram untuk pengaruh politik di Indonesia. Interaction Communication Studies Journal, 1(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.47134/interaction.v1i2.2886

Quintilian. (1920). Institutio Oratoria (T. H. E. Butler (Ed.)). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Rahmanto, A., Albert, M. I. N., Priliantini, A., Hendriyani, C. T., & Anshori, M. (2022). Krisis dan komunikasi kepemimpinan publik: Analisis framing media sosial kepala daerah di Indonesia pada masa pandemi Covid-19. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 11(1), 41–55.

Rawnsley, G. D. (2005). Political communication and democracy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554894

Reiljan, A. (2020). ‘Fear and loathing across party lines’ (also) in Europe: Affective polarisation in European party systems. European Journal of Political Research, 59(2), 376–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12351

Reinemann, C., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., Strömbäck, J., & Vreese, C. H. de. (2016). Populist political communication: Toward a model of its causes, forms, and effects (T. Aalberg, F. Esser, C. Reinemann, J. Stromback, & C. De Vreese (Eds.)). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623016

Rogers, E. M., & Dearing, J. W. (1988). Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, where is it going? Annals of the International Communication Association, 11(1), 555–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1988.11678708

Schäfer, A. (2023). Digital heuristics: How parties strategize political communication in hybrid media environments. New Media and Society, 25(3), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211012101

Schaffer, F. C. (1998). Democracy in translation: Understanding politics in an unfamiliar culture. Cornell University Press.

Schatz, E. (2013). Political Ethnography. In Political Ethnography. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226736785.001.0001

Schechner, R. (1985). Between theater and anthropology. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schechner, R. (2020). Performance studies: An introduction (L. (Media E. Sarah (Ed.); Fourth). Routledge.

Scheufele. (2000). Agenda-setting, Priming and Framing Revisited. Mass Communication & Society, 5436(August 2014), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0323

Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, Agenda-setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x

Schneider, F. (2025). Studying political communication and media in East Asia. In Studying Political Communication and Media in East Asia. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048564453

Sconfienza, U., & Durand, F. (2023). Discourse network analysis of Twitter and newspapers: Lessons learned from the nuclear debate in the 2022 French presidential campaign. French Politics, 21(2), 195–221. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-023-00215-2

Semetko, H., & Scammell, M. (2012). The SAGE Handbook of Political Communication. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446201015

Septianto, B. (2019). Isu 7 kontainer surat suara sudah tercoblos, KPU: Itu bohong. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/isu-7-kontainer-surat-suara-sudah-tercoblos-kpu-itu-bohong-dc87

Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X14540245

Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203931653

Silvio, W. (2019). Communication: A post-discipline. John Wiley & Sons.

Simchon, A., Edwards, M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2024). The persuasive effects of political microtargeting in the age of generative artificial intelligence. PNAS Nexus, 3(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae035

Smith, M. M. (2025). Pemasaran Politik on social and mobile media. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003533078

Somers, M. R. (1994). The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach. Theory and Society, 23(5), 605–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992905

Soroka, S. N., & Wlezien, C. (2010). Degrees of democracy: Politics, public opinion, and policy. Cambridge University Press.

Spencer, J. (2007). Anthropology, politics, and the state: Democracy and violence in South Asia. Cambridge University Press.

Stockmann, Daniela, & Gallagher, Mary E. (2011). Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies, 44(4), 436–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010394773

Street, J. (2004). Celebrity politicians: Popular culture and political representation. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(4), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00149.x

Street, J. (2006). The politics of popular culture. In K. Nash & A. Scott (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (4th ed., pp. 302–311). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470696071.ch2

Street, J. (2012). Do Celebrity Politics and Celebrity Politicians Matter? British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 14(3), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00480.x

Strömbäck, J., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). Mediatization and media interventionism: A comparative analysis of Sweden and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161210379504

Strömbäck, J., & Esser, F. (2014). Mediatization of politics: Towards a theoretical framework. In F. Esser & J. Strömbäck (Eds.), Mediatization of Politics (pp. 3–28). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137275844_1

Strömbäck, J., & Kaid, L. L. (Eds.). (2009). The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887172

Strömbäck, J., & Kiousis, S. (2014). 6. Strategic political communication in election campaigns. In C. Reinemann (Ed.), Political Communication (pp. 109–128). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110238174.109

Subekti, D., Yusuf, M., Saadah, M., & Wahid, M. (2025). Social media and disinformation for candidates: The evidence in the 2024 Indonesian presidential election. Frontiers in Political Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1625535

Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic : divided democracy in the ageof social media. Princeton University Press.

Syammas, I., Ridho, Y., Rumahorbo, J., & Arrafii, A. (2025). Analisis bentuk political participatory culture fanbase Anies Baswedan. Medkom: Jurnal Media Dan Komunikasi, 5(2), 126–143. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/Medkom

Tapsell, R. (2017). Media power in Indonesia: Oligarchs, citizens and the digital revolution. In Media Power in Indonesia: Oligarchs, Citizens and the Digital Revolution. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1808690

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193

Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2018). Political participation in a changing world: Conceptual and empirical challenges in the study of citizen engagement. Oxford University Press.

Thesen, G. (2025). Reporters lurking at the back-door: Political news, mainstream party policy shifts and radical right party success. Party Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688251366835

Thompson, J. B. (1995). The media and modernity: A social theory of the media. Stanford University Press.

TII. (2025). A Report on Financial Transparency Gaps in Indonesia’s 2024 Gubernatorial Elections. 46. https://ti.or.id/

Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. Yale University Press.

Vaccari, C., & Valeriani, A. (2021). Outside the bubble: Social media and political participation in Western democracies. Oxford University PressNew York. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858476.001.0001

Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479375

Väliverronen, J. (2022). Political Journalism Content in a New Era: The Case of Finnish Newspapers, 1995–2015. European Journal of Communication, 37(4), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072662

Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Berganza, R., Legnante, G., Reinemann, C., Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J. (2017). Political communication in a high-choice media environment: A challenge for democracy? Communication Yearbook, 41(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551

van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The Platform Society. Oxford University PressNew York. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.001.0001

van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Cognitive Context Models and Discourse. In Language structure, discourse and the access to consciousness (Issue 12, pp. 189–226). John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.12.09dij

van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. SAGE Publications.

van Zoonen, Liesbet. (2006). The personal, the political and the popular: A woman’s guide to celebrity politics. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(3), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549406066074

Verboord, M., Janssen, S., Kristensen, N. N., & Marquart, F. (2025). Institutional trust and media use in times of cultural backlash: A cross-national study in nine European countries. International Journal of Press/Politics, 30(3), 752–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612231187568

Victor, J. N., Montgomery, A. H., & Lubell, M. (2017). The Oxford handbook of political networks. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.001.0001

Vromen, A. (2017). Digital citizenship and political engagement. Digital Citizenship and Political Engagement, 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48865-7_2

Wahyu, Y. (2024, April 1). Media sosial menyumbang pelanggaran di Pemilu 2024. Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.id/artikel/media-sosial-menyumbang-pelanggaran-di-pemilu-2024

Wallace, M., & Wray, A. (2011). Critical reading and writing for postgraduates (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Report to the Council of Europe, September 2017, 108. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c

Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478

Weber, M., Roth, G., & Wittich (Trans), C. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. University of California Press.

Wedeen, L. (2010). Reflections on ethnographic work in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 13(1), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.052706.123951

Wijayanto, Berenschot, W., Sastramidjaja, Y., & Ruijgrok, K. (2024). The Infrastructure of Domestic Influence Operations: Cyber Troops and Public Opinion Manipulation Through Social Media in Indonesia. International Journal of Press/Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612241297832

Willnat, L., & Aw, A. (2009). Political Communication in Asia. Taylor & Francis.

Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass media research: An introduction (9th ed.). Cengage.

Yates, H. E. (2019). The politics of spectacle and emotion in the 2016 presidential campaign. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15804-0

Zhang, X., & Shaw, G. (2025). Xi–Biden Summit coverage: Chinese media frames for global and domestic readers. Global Media and China, 10(2), 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364241310554

Zimmermann, F., & Kohring, M. (2020). Mistrust, disinforming news, and vote choice: A panel survey on the origins and consequences of believing disinformation in the 2017 German parliamentary election. Political Communication, 37(2), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095